Village keeps its folk wisdom in mind, village keeps its ancient memories of the people, village is a place that god, demons and humans are mixed in the most reasonable arrangements to maintain its harmony society orders. A village in Sri Lanka Kolam dance dramatic story is a very common way one.
Kolam, the mythology and historical origins
According to historical evidencies, Kolam drama has existed
from 15th century A.D but some Sri Lanka legends said that this
genre of drama has a history spanning more than 2500 years.
Regarding the definition of the term Kolam, almost reseacher have argued that the word has its origins in South India. The word Kolam is
derivatives from a Tamil word of wide significance meaning “representation” or
"a figure very much out of the ordinary”.
Another meaning given to the word is found in South India. Kolam is a type of sand art in Hidu religious, that is a symetric drawing using white and
coloured rice flour to prevent evil spirits entering the inside of the shapes, and thus are they prevented from entering the inside of the home. Every morning,
millions of South Indian women draw Kolam on the courtyards of their residences. The Hindu women in Sri Lanka also engage in this type of
activity on Thai Pongal day. Related to dancing, Kolam Thullal, which is one of the
ritual dance forms in Kerala, is performed in houses and temple festivals in
order to exorcise evil spirits from “possessed” bodies.
With regard to the mythology origin of the play, the conventional
derivation of the art is traced to an ancient myth. The story is that King
Mahasammatha's wife, once she became pregnant, had a longing to see a mask
dance. Just as women may have various types of cravings while they are with
child (which in Sinhalese is called dola dukha) the queen's desire was one that
had to be met. Despite not having this kind of dance form in his kingdom, the
king commanded his ministers to organize such a performance. While the
ministers were trying desperately to find some way of staging such a show, God
Sakra intervened and using his supernatural powers, he made masks appear from
out of nowhere. Masked dancers followed and the queen's dola dukha was finally quenched. (imaginary
King Maha Sammatha) God Sakra requested God Visvakarma who was considered as
the divinity of arts and crafts to invent masks and the lyrics for the mask
dance to satisfy the desire of Queen Mahasammatha
Also from this legend. the traditional kolam performance features a sequence of
dances held together by a rather tenuous plot based around the visit of the
pregnant Queen
Menikpala and her husband, King
Maha Sammatha, to a village. (source:
https://www.cse.lk).
Observing from the side-lines is the King, Maha Sammata, the first king of humans. He represents the symbol of good a governmen, he know how to harmonize the regulation of rule with the naturally order of existence. He is not part of the actual performance. His large mask is placed in the position of the observer.
Kolam, the story of human being
Subsequent to the narration of this tale, two unmasked characters called Sabapathi enter the stage. They sing an invocation to Buddha and the Gods and also welcome
the sponsored of the show. Afterwards, there is a dialogue between
Kariyakarawanarala (the narrator) and the Sabapathi with regard to the rest of
the proceedings of the show. The Kolam play officially begins after the
departure of these characters.
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The opening interlude scene with many characters on stage (image from Gales Culture show, Jan. 2016) |
In the opening interlude, the members of the traditional hierarchy of Sri Lankan royalty
and all categories of servants appear on the stage. They are including the village headman (Arachchi), Distric officer (Mudalis), King's body guard, police, Mudalis servant (Hencha), Sri Lanka native peoople (Veddah)... all of them have a right possition to welcome their royal.
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The mask of Mudalis, police, Hencha and Vaddah (follow clockwise) in UiO museum |
Kolam dance performance is comprised of numerous episodes
and diverse characters perform their roles representing the traditional rural life of Sri Lanka. In an episode named Gama Kathawa (willage story), a pregnant woman narrates how she became pregnant in a funy way. In the story, the Village Headman had abused his powers to devote a married woman named Ethna Hami wife of the elder brother among two foolish brothers in
the village. In order to get
rid of her husband the Village Headman said that the King had ordered to send
the two brothers every night to look after some far away fields.
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The mask of the village headman/ Arachchi (in UiO museum) and Ethna Hanny (Ariyapala & Son mask Museum, Ambalamgola Srilanka) |
One day, while looking after the fields, two foolish brother mistake moonlight is sunlight and returned home because they thought it was morning.
Ethna Hamy did not open the door at once but first covered her lover the
Village Headman with a cloth. Next she covered herself with the cloth to cover
up her identity. She pretended to be mad and need an exorcist to sure her sick. A friend of the Village Headman appeared as a Yakkadura (shaman) to drive away the evil spirits. During
the ritual the Village Headman appeared disguised as a demon and frightened the
two brothers who ran away from the scene then Ethna Hamy and the Village
Headman started dancing together later. Audiences get a fully laugh on the stupid brothers, but also blame on the couple relationships that base on not right and unfair powerful.
In Kolam we see the world through the eyes of the villager.
The masks give life to characters from daily life:
- the village headman, arrogant and vain
- the tom-tom-beater, poor and oppressed
- the Muslim, the village butcher
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Mask of Drummer (left) and Muslim (right) in UiO collection |
- the returned soldier, wounded and sick
from the war against the British
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Mask of soldier (Hewaya) in UiO collection |
- Lenchana, young beauties, married to an old and lazy man doing laundry, but Lenchana faithful to her husband and absolutely refuse the obsess of fowerfull provincial head (Mudali).
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Mask of Lenchana and Jesaya in UiO collection |
The story of village surrounding many funny details to criticsize the bad habits of the ruling class. All verses used in the Kolam Dance form are full of sarcasm
and punning on words by the characters and the masks worn by them are rich
enough to make the audience hilarious throughout the performance.
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A funny sence between old coulpe Anabera Kolama and Nobchi Aka .(Picture from Galles Cultural Show 01/2016) |
Nonchi Akka: “I went to Moratuwa to collect some green leaves.”
Kariyakaravana Rala : “You went to Moratuwa to collect green leaves?”
“No, went to the koratuwa to collect green leaves.”
Nochchi Akka: “The paula (family) which was hung on the horn was not there.
Kariyakarawana Rala: “How can you hang a paula on a horn? ”
It must be the daula (drum)
”Nochchi Akka: “Yes, yes, the Kadipuka (the back side of Black Ant) was not there.
Kariyakarawana Rala: “You are talking nonsense. How can you beat a drum with a kadipuka? It must be Kadippu (drum stick) and not kadipuka (source
: http://www.sundayobserver.lk)
Nocchi Akka, performed by an actor, is a very popular character because she wears traditional costumes, and masks are made very well to show an old typical woman's appearance of Sri Lanka's rural areas.
Kolam, the story of devils and animals
A vast pantheon of gods and demons inhabits the still vital world of Sinhala folk belief. They take part in Kolam as village living naturally. There are many Raksha some of whom are known as Gurulu
Naga, Kava, Ginijal, Kutaka, Maru, Gara etc., whenever Raksha appeared, the stage become noisy by the lound of drumming. Naga Raksha cobra mask appeared on stage as a sacred symbol of royal welcome.
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Raksha Kolama (Dance of the Rakshas), Picture from Galles Cultural Show 01/2016 |
Not same as Raksha, a very limited number of Yaksha characters can be found in Kolam Drama. These include Mahasohon Yakshaya, Kalureeri Yakshaya and Abhimaana Yakshaya. Gara Yaka play the most important role in Kolam, Gara Yaka appeared on stage to dispel the influence of demons mouth and evil eyes to end up a Kolam traditional performances.
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Masks of demond in Kolam, Gara Raksha appear on the left corner (Picture from Galles Cultural Show 01/2016) |
Animals also present in some stories. Each animal has its own function and its costumes. Some common animals are lions, tigers, cows, dogs, bears... Portrait of village with animal species and wildlife are shown in Kolam enrich content of the story, they add flavor to a little bit boring life of village.
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The mask of dog (left) and golf (right) in UiO collection |
In an episode called Shinha Kolama, two men wearing masks depicting the faces of lions appear on stage, they performed a beautiful dance to make the Queen happy. King and Queen came on the stage with their Prime Minister, then Kariyakarawana Rala (story teller) invited the royal couple sit on their seats for observation.
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The mask of Lion in UiO collection |
Singha Kolama is the first animal appear on stage and it was allowed to perform in front of the King and Queen, that means the lion has important position in religious beliefs of the Sinhalese. Lion is a special symbols of this nation.
Kolam, from the art of God to the art of villager
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The mask of Queen and King in Ariyapala & Son mask Museum, |
Kolam, now performed at a few locations in the low coutry
land of Sri Lanka, it is distinguished by the extensive use of masks. These
masks are same as scarify Tovil dance used but tend to be more realistic because
many of the characters represented of this world people. A few masks, such as those of
the King and the Queen are quite intricately sculptured and heavy. Further,
kolam masks are full masks, not designed to amplify of the voice. Going by
these features, some scholars have argued that Kolam began as a masked dace
ritual, which later become a sung and spoken drama, but did not discard or
modify the masks.
Origin of Kolam masks can not be traced only from an individual perspective. It is a mixture of cultural elements multi-ethnic and multi-religious. While changes its form belong to the up and down of time, the mask is affected by different cultures in the form of expression. Originally from Kolam Thullal dances and drawings express power of the goddess Kali came from India, then followed by combination with the dances and costumes of the local tradition, and then integrated into the ridiculous life of colonial period. Kolam and the masks, inevitably have to change from the service of the exorcism ritual to an art form with humor and improvisation of the village as we are seeing today.
Modern life like a tsunami swept across the delicated base of Sri Lanka cultural. Then there will no longer be the village on this tiny island anymore but the memories of the village that will not go away, they exist in the Kolam and might suit modern tastes, it change as it use to be changed, such as the way village changing for survival inside the swirl of current globalization hurican.
References:
#4. Diachronic approach to social roots of sinhalese mask drama (Kolam
) by Jayantha Amarasinghe Professor, Department of Sinhala,University of Ruhuna,Mathara, Sri Lanka. Web: http://www.ijac.org.uk