Few people know that General MacArthur, Japanese's great friend,
who also indirectly saves Taiwan from the communist’s disaster. Before the
Korean War happened, the strategists said that Taiwan "can become an
aircraft carrier that cannot be sunk" This idea was awakened President
Truman about the importance of the island which make Taiwan become an "American
defences in the Pacific" to block communist China's progress. Chiang
Kai-shek (蔣介石) escaped but Taiwan is put to face
mainland once again. The island is droped in the same identical story of General Zheng Chenggong (郑成功)
with the "Overthrow The Qing To Restore The Ming Movement " (反清 复明) nearly three hundred years ago. Both chose Taiwan as a
base, followed them are officials deeply attached to the old regime, combined with
immigrants from the mainland who refused to surrender the new regime. The ultimate goal of both officials and immigrants is recaptured what was once theirs.
Ramble a bit to see that the resistance spirit of Taiwan to
Mainland has deep roots in its history. Though times ups and downs, this
mainstream thinking is never broken, it leaves very interesting physical
evidence called Green Lion Mask as the way of expressing the spirit into
action. It is a proof as a symbol for the resistance spirit of Taiwanese
immigrants through many turbulent periods of Chinese history.
Green Lion mask
青狮 (Green Lion) is pronounced Shi
Qing totally similar with 清 师 (Qing army)
is invoking the troops of the Qing, so the mask becomes an allusion of the
enemy that those who belong to "Overthrow The Qing To Restore The Ming
Movement" assigned to it. Green Lion appeared in a lion dance originated
in Fujian, where nurturing and most sustained Anti-Manchu movement after the
collapse of Ming Dynasty.
This mask is not same both kinds of traditional North Lion (北 獅) and South Lion (南 獅) head of China. It is round and flat and not have bulky shapes as usual.
The Green Lion mask in my collection |
The explanation for this simple form might have derived from its intended use. Initially Green Lion mask is used as a tool to practice martial arts, the enemy showed on a support tool is obviously effective soldiers stimulating. The simple, handy and easy to make are required elements for a weapon of rebel have been incorporated into this Green Lion mask. Can do it from any circular objects in everyday life, such as baskets, dustpan... The only special requirement is that it must be drawing an extremely aggressive face as a reference about the brutality of the Qing army in the conquest of Han Chinese in southern China.
Bulging eyes, sharp fangs on the agressive face |
Overthrow The Qing To Restore The Ming Movement failure
after the Qing took Taiwan island from the hands of General Zheng Chenggong
in 1683, then the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912 but Green Lion mask still remains
in the land of Taiwan, it is especially popular in Fujian community. Symbol of
hatred gradually be transformed into a mascot symbol of protection same as the
consciousness that the Chinese think of lions for centuries.
The original natural feelings gradually moulding into
standard shapes like a lot of the traditional symbols of this country. Green
Lion mask must follow the regulations on the origin of the Chinese culture
combined with the characteristics of native Taiwanese life. Green is the colour
of the island located warm area in the southern with dense trees, and fertile farm to feed its population, so green now have the sense of security than threat one. The protective meaning is further highlighted by the Bagua (Eight
Trigrams) drawn on the forehead as a sign of power to dispel evil spirits of
this mascot.
Detail decoration of Bagua, Wang word, clouds and mouth on the mask |
Underneath the bagua never lack of Wang (王)
character represent the lion has been tamed and no longer a beast. Down below
is the gold ingot shape mouth symbol of wealth and prosperity. Decorative
yellow cloud on the cheeks represents unconcern spirit, lineage and endless
luck.
The parts of the face are symmetrically arranged of horizontal and vertical follow Three Mountains and Five Mountains possition principle.
Three Mountains is the vertical arrangement of the forehead, nose and chin.
Cheeks are two other mountains are arranged horizontally across the face,
combining them together to form the Five Mountains in a precise and close
arrangement. It is not only in accordance with the scientific concepts but also
the sense of fairness and justice.
Mask always drawn by five colours white, blue, black, red,
and yellow are symbolizing the five elements that correspond to metal, wood,
water, fire and earth. The Chinese believe that the fluctuations of the five
elements will affect the fate of a people and impact on the cycles of the
universe. Both cosmology and worldview of China are perfectly combined in this
simple mask.
These changes follow the history of the exodus
The Green Lion mask nowadays has drawn eyebrows are
differently than the original which has two blades mounted on it. It is thought
that master 干 德 源 Gan De Yuan held a concert in Quanzhou 泉州, in
a symbolic act, a Green Lion head is cut to declare the collapse of the Qing
dynasty in 1912. This strike does not meant a break; it just cut off military
nature of the performances. From that moment onwards, Green Lion no longer has
two blades eyebrows and be used as a form of physical training (source: green lion).
Green Lion Head with two blades eyebrow (source: t85-topic) |
Sishijia located in northwest Cianjhen District of Kaohsiung
city are recognized as the earliest village has lion dance during the Qing
Dynasty. Due to its geographical location surrounded by the ocean, it is often
invaded by pirates in the early days when the residents follow General Zheng
Chenggong to settle in the island. During free days after harvest time, the
army and people here draw lion face on their dustpan, they use it for
entertainment and training marital art for their people. There is martial art
called Song Jiang Battle Array. A lion dance always performs a dance before the
Song Jiang Formation sets off. This Green Lion is very famous known to its
named Songjiang.
Song Jiang Green Lion head |
It can be said that the history of the Green Lion mask
attached to the Overthrow The Qing To Restore The Ming Movement with its
related exodus. At first, in the second half of the 17th century, a large number
of Han Chinese from Quanzhou and Zhengzhou district of Fujian Province has immigrated
to Taiwan. Later, they call this group of people is Hokkien (Hokkien is another
name of Fujian). Hokkien is probably the first ones invented Green Lions has
round and flat form as mentioned.
And this clip also shows eye opening ceremony of blades eyebrow and white eyebrow of Green Lions of a different lion dance troupe
Clip below shows the performance of the Green Lion Dance in martial forms of South Shaolin lion dance troop in Singapore.
And this clip also shows eye opening ceremony of blades eyebrow and white eyebrow of Green Lions of a different lion dance troupe
In 1683, after defeat General Zheng Chenggong, Qing government
ban Han migrate to Taiwan, the ban was lifted in 1760 create a new big
migration wave to this island, most of immigrants are Hakka people in this
tim (source: lich su di dan dai loan). Hakka people coming from the south, but move slowly and live
mainly in the north of Taiwan, they created a new variant of Green Lion with
mouth can open. This Green Lion head style exists only in the Hakka community
and seems a hybrid between bulk form of traditional lion head with the flat
form of Hokkien Green Lion.
Hakka style Green Lion Head (source: Hakka Green Lion) |
In addition to bulk form, the biggest feature of this Green Lion mask is the upper part of the head have round and the lower half is square shape. It reflects the concept "round heaven and square earth" in thinking about the universe of traditional China.T his is also a unique feature creates a uniquely difference of this lion.
Hakka Green Lion dance in Xiashan, Taiwan (source: Hakka Green Lion) |
Taiwan history recorded an immigrant after Chiang Kai Shek's
losses on the mainland in 1949 again. The government officials and a large
number of people under the KMT leading to the island to build a base for the
resistance war to communist. They make Taiwan become a diversify nation with
many more races come from over China, old Taiwan immigrants called people come on this time is "other provinces". Those who bring the southern
style, then the northern style lion head into Taiwan. They have little impact on
original Green Lion making, such as the lion's mouth can open become popular in
northern Taiwan and the colour of lion head becomes much more diverse since the
period.
Green Lion head in Northem Taiwan (source: librarywork) |
The disorder time is not support for artistic development so
much, but just make it turns bad. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the lion dance
troupe associated with gangs tightly increasing. Guild originated from the
"Overthrow The Qing To Restore The Ming" time is the hotbed of shady
activities, violence characters in the troupes and in the fighting between
different troupes has created a bad reputation for the arts of lion dance
during this dark period.
In 70s and 80s Taiwan transformed itself under the
industrialization. The belief in a protector and bring good things mascots
placed on the shoulders of lion again. The lion dance becomes a commercial
performance and more complex, by professional dance troupe performed. It almost
lost its martial arts roots nowadays.
Echo of the symbol
Although only a temporary symbol of a historical period,
Green Lion mask has successfully story more than its temporary role. Green Lion
mask subject art history writers define one more type of lion dance which copyright
belong to Taiwanese. Its powerful light
was obscured its origin, people only known Green Lion mask of Taiwan, very few
people know its origin in Fujian.
Upon seeing the Green Lion masks, one can see a clear
example of how history impacts on the formation of the characters of a nation.
Taiwanese prefer utilitarian and fighting; they seek immediate interests, but
always ready to strive for a long term future. This small island with its
outstanding migrants made Taiwan prosperous by their strong energy and wise behaviour
throughout its history.